Depression.

Overview

Depression is a condition involving persistent low mood or loss of interest, often with changes in sleep, concentration, energy or appetite.

A condition may appear differently between people, so a symptom list alone cannot establish a diagnosis. Age, medical history and other circumstances affect assessment.

Signs and symptoms

Depression may involve persistent low mood, loss of interest, changes in sleep or appetite, low energy, guilt, difficulty concentrating or slowed activity. Some people notice physical pain or irritability. Symptoms vary with age and circumstance. Thoughts of self-harm require prompt support and a safety assessment.

Causes and risk factors

Biological, psychological and social factors can contribute; it is not simply a lack of motivation.

Risk factors do not guarantee that a person will develop this condition, and a diagnosis can occur even without obvious risk factors.

Diagnosis and tests

A clinician assesses symptom duration, impact, safety and possible contributing health conditions.

Tests are chosen for the individual situation. No picture or AI-generated response can confirm this condition.

Care and treatment

Effective options can include psychological therapy, medication and support chosen according to severity and preferences.

Treatment plans must consider severity, other illnesses, medication safety and personal preferences. Do not start or change prescribed treatment using this article alone.

Prevention and daily living

Supportive relationships, professional therapy, careful use of prescribed medicines where appropriate and follow-up can help. Regular routines can support recovery but are not a substitute for treatment when symptoms are significant.

Individual care plans may differ, particularly in pregnancy, childhood, older age or when other illnesses are present. The linked clinical source provides more context.

When to seek help

Thoughts of self-harm, inability to stay safe or psychotic symptoms require urgent professional support.

If symptoms are severe, rapidly worsening or you feel unsafe, seek local emergency services. Do not wait for an online reply.

Questions for a clinician

What evidence supports this diagnosis? What tests are necessary? Which treatment options fit my situation? What should I monitor? When should I return or seek urgent help?